For undergraduate applications, expect the application itself, the international application fee, academic records from every secondary and post-secondary institution attended, certified English translations when needed, and proof of English proficiency. Optional but sometimes helpful items include SAT or ACT scores, essays, recommendation letters, and activity lists. Honors and some selective programs may ask for more.
For graduate applications, expect the online application, transcripts or academic documents, English translations if needed, a resume or CV, recommendation letters, a personal or biographical statement, and sometimes a writing sample, portfolio, audition, interview, or GRE or GMAT depending on the program. Some program pages also mention later financial-support documents for visa processing.
In his own scholarship route, Trung Nguyen said Fulbright required two core essays, a Personal Statement and a Study Plan, plus three reference letters, which gives you a good real-life picture of required materials for applications.